Travel Scramble

The month of June ushers in the cold weather but this year also brings the scramble for new Passports and Travel Documents.

All old passports ceased to be valid for outward travel from Zambia on 31st May 2009 but remain useable only for inward travel to Zambia only until 31st August 2009.

It is understandable that the Ministry of Home Affairs would like to replace all old black cover passports with the new green cover replacements in a short a time as possible, but the challenges of achieving this require some analysis and strategic planning.

Long queues running to the main road are the order of the day at the passport office. All payment counters experience extended queues such that even the express applications which attract a K200,000 additional charge are congested throughout the day. The building is overrun by applicants who are either jostling in the queues or milling about in the corridors in an effort to influence the speed of production of their passports.

Express applications are designed to be processed within 5 working days and standard applications are set to be ready for collection within 15 working days. A Travel Document however can be obtained in one day and is valid for 6 months.

Application forms are obtained from the ground floor foyer but passport applications and passport collections are performed on the first floor at the relevant counters where most of the congestion is experienced.

Cashiers that collect payments for passport applications spend much of their time checking that the forms are in order and take about ten minutes to process each applicant. Passport officers on the ground floor are available for consultation, but nobody seems to use them at all. A short analysis at the payment counters revealed that two to three applications out of every five are turned away due to issues with the documentation presented to the cashiers. Documentation issues include non-compliant photographs, non-certified copies of relevant ID’s, lack of recommender on application forms, and non-completion of requirements on application forms.

After the applications are successfully submitted, applicants immediately queue up to go for interviews before the passport processing phase begins. These queues are equally long but are processed much faster because the interview process is generally quite efficient.

Passport applications then go through the main processing system via the various officers before being dispatched to an off site location for printing. This results in two bundles being developed; one at the passport office waiting to be dispatched to the printing site, and one at the printing site waiting to be dispatched back to the passport office for collection by applicants.

Many applicants queue up daily at the passport office to check if their passports are ready and if so, hopefully collect them. This means applicants will queue up for several days in a row until they physically obtain their passports.

The congestion and uncertainty at the passport office has bred some peculiar behaviour patterns. Applicants tend to hang around the passport offices to follow passport officers in an effort to ensure that their applications are steadily going through the processing cycle and are not forgotten or lost. Some self appointed passport application agents will stand in the long queues on behalf of applicants to keep a slot in the slow moving queue. A small fee is levied for this service and other such services that take the pressure off the applicants in the passport application pipeline.

There are some opportunities for the passport office to operate more efficiently and effectively through some basic reorganization of processes and dissemination of relevant information to the public.

The current status of having passport officers stationed at the ground floor foyer is clearly not working well. It would be more efficient and effective for two or three officers to stand at the entrance to the staircase and check every applicant’s documents before they are allowed to go upstairs to the payment counters. This would reduce the rejection rate to zero at the counters and reduce the payment process from ten minutes per applicant to less than five minutes. This exercise would increase processing throughput by more than 100 percent.

The passport office would see some order in the various offices and a reduction of applicants milling around the corridors would allow officers to concentrate on processing applications. This improvement in focus within the passport office would also result in an increase in productivity of more than 100 percent.

Another improvement in operations can be in the area of disemination of information. Each batch of passports delivered to the passport office for collection by the public could be accompanied by a list with names and passport numbers. The list could be displayed on a notice board in an appropriate room so that every applicant can check if their passport is ready for collection. If the passport is on a list then the applicant has good reason to go upstairs to queue and collect their passport. If not, then the applicant need not wait but come back the next day to check on the board again. This exercise can even be computerized and beamed with a data projector onto a big screen for all to see and read. The data projector option allows for real time updating of the collection list much like those in airports showing flight arrivals and departures. This is nothing too complicated or impossible to do.

The above measures do not require any financial investment but simply some human resource rearranging and systems management in order to double or treble productivity in passport processing.

At the moment cross border traders are spending sleepless nights trying to obtain a passport to earn a living. Many business travelers are opting to secure a travel document whilst the passport is being processed. Much wastage of time, material and money is being experienced by business people as they scramble to travel to make some money to pay rents, school fees, medical bills and buy food for the family.

The overload at the passport office has resulted in files being lost or misplaced, passports not being collected because many applicants have opted to apply for a travel document in addition to the passport, and several mistakes may be made on the data in passports issued such that the passport holder could find themselves detained in other countries due to inconsistent information on their travel documents.

The Ministry of Home Affairs is part of the civil service. As such, the Ministry should design its processes around the needs of the people and not for the people to be made to comply with the fancies of the Ministry.

There is much business that is being lost by businessmen and women that are spending untold hours at the passport office waiting for their documents to come through. This can be avoided and steps should be taken immediately to address this bottleneck that is choking trade between Zambia and the outside world.

Published 16 June 2009

Disclosure

Last week the World Bank conducted some ongoing dialogues on their intending new Disclosure Policies.

There has been recognition that the policy of placing information and documentation on a Positive List for disclosure to the public has not been that beneficial to both the World Bank and its customers in the developing world.

The new thinking is to opt to disclose literally everything that the World Bank is engaged in, and instead develop a Sensitive List that would protect the interests of the World Bank and its borrowers, by keeping certain information Privileged and Accessible to selected parties. The Sensitive List would include incomplete contract negotiations, and information which if released to the public, would do undue harm to either the World Bank or any of its customers.

Beyond this new open door policy for access to information, the World Bank is considering the frequency of sharing information with the public as a possible mechanism, that will enrich the development dialogue in both the World Bank’s ranks, and in the borrower countries themselves.

This new thinking about Disclosure of information in respect to Quantity and Time, fits in snugly with Zambia’s own challenges of information sharing.

Within Government circles, there has been an admission that as a country, we have not done very well in sharing information amongst the concerned stakeholders namely; The Government, Civil Society, and the Private Sector. Only recently has the private sector been able to access information on the new Economic Zones that are sprouting up on the Copperbelt and in Lusaka.

Many initiatives within COMESA and SADC are generally shared with the public as press releases rather than open dialogue during the decision making process. Contracts and Agreements are not readily available for public consumption or scrutiny, thereby leaving the Civil Society and the Private Sector out of the debates and dialogues that would enrich the Governments knowledge on the subject, and result in better decisions for the benefit of all Zambians.

For example, the Mining Development Agreements which were signed between the Government and each mining company, are supposed to be public documents, but one would be at pains to access a copy of these documents which impact on the well being of the nation.

The spirit of the current Zambian National Constitution is to ensure that all Contracts and Agreements that are of a developmental nature, should be accessible by the public through the Ministry of Justice, which is the custodian of these documents. At this point in time, public access to such documents at the Ministry is almost impossible.

There is an old adage that goes as follows: ‘Information is Power’. One might argue that ‘Knowledge is Power’. However we paraphrase this we can conclude that ‘Enlightenment is Power’, as this encompasses both information and knowledge.

Until now, many multilateral institutions such as the World Bank, and many Governments have seemingly worked on the understanding that ‘Our Power is based on what we let you know’. This may also be motivated by ‘the less you know, the fewer questions you will ask’.

One hopes that the new thinking on Disclosure of information will be considered in the spirit of development and accountability. To this end, inviting criticism and comment on any issue can only be good for both the World Bank and their customers in the developing world.

The best decisions are those that are made after much open deliberation, dialogue and have been subjected to public scrutiny.

The challenge that the World Bank and our Governments now face, is who decides what information should be withheld from the public? What information if put in the public domain, would result in harm to the World Bank, or harm to the Government?

Disclosure is a tall order for institutions that have traditionally behaved in a secretive fashion. A meaningful Disclosure program will do wonders for both social and economic development in any institution or country.

Published 9th June 2009

New Routes

Zambia has discussed extensively, the need for developing our trade capacity with special emphasis on our traditional trading partners namely; South Africa and the European Union.

Our history of trade indicates that our trade relationships with our much larger trading partners has not impacted very positively on the growth of our own economy, but relegated Zambia to a useful market for foreign products. Much of the state of affairs may be due to the basic fact that Zambia is a much smaller and weaker economy than those of our traditional trading partners, and therefore struggles to achieve equity in the trading relationships.

Zambia has eight physical neighbours and two additional virtual neighbours being Burundi and Rwanda. Zambia has not taken full advantage of its neighbourhood except for small scale cross border trading. Opportunities exist for expanding on our neighbourhood training regime such that by default, we can develop a trading market comprising of the eleven countries. There are many synergies amongst the eleven countries and the characters of each economy can complement each other rather than aggressively compete against each other.

The inter country infrastructure installed and being developed offers new opportunities for neighbourhood trade. Chirundu border post has a new bridge into Zimbabwe, and the customs facilities have been upgraded to facilitate increased and more efficient trade between the two countries. The Nakonde border post has experienced some renovations and the customs facility has been revamped to promote greater trade between Zambia and Tanzania. Kazangula has also seen improved customs infrastructure to support the business activity between Zambia and Botswana. A modern bridge was erected at Katima Mulilo to open up trade routes between Zambia and Namibia with new access to the Atlantic Ocean port of Walvis Bay. A new bridge was recently installed at Chembe to link the Luapula Province with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in a bid to promote trade between Zambia and the DRC, and to provide a trade corridor between the Copperbelt and the Luapula Province through the Congo Pedicle.

It is quite clear to see that some trade routes are much busier than others due to the traditional business relationships since Independence in 1964. The opportunities to develop new trade routes to include the Mwami border post which opens a trade corridor between Zambia and Malawi, and the Chanida border post which can expose business options between Zambia and Mozambique, should be given some special attention for alternate trade routes that may be more beneficial to Zambia than the current routes taking central focus.

The Mpulungu Harbour offers some special opportunities to trade with Eastern DRC, Western Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. Currently the only major trade taking place at Mpulungu is exports of Cement from Zambia and Tanzania.

Zambia has not paid much attention to trading with the Middle East in respect to the export of food products such as beef, goats, vegetables and fruit. Zambia’s exports tend to go to Europe to be re-packaged and re-exported to the Middle East with the major income from this trade, going to the European Union.

Zambezi Airlines has recently acquired a new aircraft to service the region. The challenge for developing new routes where the best and consistent return on investment will impact on the sustainability of the business is essential. The domestic and regional budget airline service is worth considering for catering for the neighbourhood inter country travel, as a strategy for survival during this global economic recession.

Published 2nd June 2009

Parking Income 2010

The 2010 FIFA World cup event in South Africa is now 12 months away. Zambia has not done much to take advantage of the looming masses of visitors that are destined for Southern Africa starting early in the World Cup year.

There are clear signals that many competing countries will want to visit the continent long before the actual event as part of the preparations to acclimatize the players to the African climate. At the same time, many teams will want to keep their strategies a secret only to be unleashed at the actual tournament. To this end, it is expected that many competing countries will look for secluded training camps well out of sight, in neighbouring counties which include Zambia. The opportunity for Zambia to receive this unsolicited tourism business must not be missed.

The country currently finds itself without a local airline that can facilitate a high frequency of travel between Zambia and South Africa, and Zambia and Europe, to mop up some new business in 2010.

However, there will be plenty of opportunity for foreign airlines to camp in Zambia, as the airports in South Africa are likely to get congested with aircraft which will be forced to relocate for parking spaces in neighbouring countries. Zambia can quickly start to negotiate options for foreign airlines to park in Lusaka, Ndola, Mfuwe, and Livingstone in an effort to ease the congestion in South Africa and more importantly, to bring in and take back the much needed tourists that the World Cup will bring to the continent.

Zambia has witnessed the development of many hotels and lodges across the country. Unique experiences are available for any visitor to the country, and the fact that Zambia has always marketed herself as a peaceful country with very friendly people, will go a long way in polarising visitors to South Africa to consider their welfare and safety in Zambia, compared to South Africa and other neighbouring countries. There is a good business case for Zambia to engage with the opportunities that the 2010 World Cup presents to fast track both the development of the tourism industry, and the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment.

There is an old business rule that highlights that; ‘it is more difficult to attract a new customer, than to keep an old customer’. Zambia can definitely make it easier for World Cup visitors to visit the Victoria Falls, the Luangwa Valley, the Kafue National Park, and the Copperbelt, and make that first trip to Zambia. Repeat visits are almost guaranteed, and new tourists generated by the experiences of World Cup visitors to Zambia will increase the sustained flow of tourists to our national parks and resorts.

Back in South Africa, residents and investors in the hospitality industry have already gone into high gear by sourcing for camping equipment and tents in an effort to benefit from visitors that will look for cheap accommodation in people’s back yards and camp sites in 2010. The South African Government has invested in expanding their International Airports, Transport systems, and Stadia, but the private sector has taken the lead in developing more accommodation, services, restaurants, and other facilities that will support the large number of visitors to the country.

South Africa looks to the 2010 World Cup to put itself prominently on the tourism map of the world, and expects the private sector to create wealth and jobs on the foundation of an influx of visitors into the country. It is not too late, a 2010 Team can be put together to coordinate and program the options for linking Zambia to the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.

Published 26th May, 2009

Land and Property

The Government and the Business community have been working together to develop a conducive environment for doing business in Zambia.

Some quarters of Central and Local Government have been very extravagant in allocating land to all description of investors, be it to local or foreign businesses. Huge tracts of land have been given out to people and businesses that have sat on these properties only to re-sell years later at astronomical prices, while local residents cannot access land for domestic and small scale development.

One therefore understands the current concern about the allocation of large portions of land to any investors.

A drive along the shores of Lake Kariba from Siavonga right down beyond Maamba, reveals that big chunks of land have been given to people outside the local communities. Many of these pieces of land have not seen a single piece of development in the form of buildings or any other infrastructure beyond a simple barbed wire perimeter fence. As the middle class grows in the country, no opportunities are available for one to build a holiday home or some small business premises along the lake as an investment in the tourism potential that exists in the country.

Some sensible planning initiative would have considered creating thousands of small plots along the lake shore with an all weather road that would facilitate development by both Zambians and foreign investors. This idea is not new and can be seen all over the world on lake shores, river banks, and coast lines. The immediate result of this equitable distribution of land is that economic activity is initiated when many people move in to build and develop as opposed to the ‘big investor’ syndrome that Africa and Zambia seem to suffer from. ZESCO would be able to make a business case for extension of the national grid to the developments in Siavonga and beyond. In addition, the ever growing transport services system would expand to enable every Zambian to travel to the area at a reasonable cost.

There is much to be said about planning for the future, and for our future generations, when land allocation and town and country planning is properly strategized.

The aggression and phobias currently growing in many developing countries can be avoided if citizens and residents can trust the authorities to protect the public interests, in as far as land allocation is concerned.

The view that land is vested in the State President on behalf of the people of Zambia is comforting, but the reality is that our 99 year leases from the Ministry of Lands are renewable, therefore in effect, alienating the land permanently to the lessee. For the sake of security of investment, this practical reality encourages investments into the country, and facilitates the placement of blocks and concrete on the ground.

Many of the problems associated with land allocation and use are generally caused by our own people in Local Government, in Central Government, and by all the shapes and sizes of Politicians. The challenge is to do some domestic housekeeping by ensuring that strategic land planning is engaged, processes and systems are strictly followed, and the removal of discretion on land allocation is immediately instituted.

Land is but one component in the investment and socio-economic development paradigm. The flip side of the coin is the issue of Property.

Property in respect to land includes the developments made on the land which constitutes buildings, machinery, and roads, amongst many other investments.

In Zambia, we have not clearly separated Land and Property, probably because in the recent past, a piece of land had developments that were exclusively attached to that piece of land. For example, a plot would have a house built on it and the two components were inextricably connected to each other.

However, today since the Privatisation Program, we have seen blocks of Flats and Apartments built on one piece of Land being sold to sitting tenants of each Flat. This meant that the Land title would be held by the group of twenty or thirty Flat owners who each held a Title Deed for their own individual Flats. Ironically, some Flat owners owned units on the third or fourth floor thus in effect suggesting that their property was actually suspended in the air! This makes it difficult for any kind of meaningful sub-division of the land, as property owners above the ground would not be able to claim a piece of land.

One of the answers to this dilemma is to provide for Sectional Title of property such as for Flats and Apartments on a common piece of Land. A cursory look at hundreds of cities around the world show how this is done in major office and residence blocks.

Our immediate refocus now is to recognise Land ownership as per the traditional Title Deed, but to also rapidly incorporate Property ownership which now becomes the twin sister of Land, and their relationship becomes both inclusive and exclusive, depending on the circumstances.

We note these developments in our various Show Grounds around the country, where the developments on land are owned by individual companies, whereas the Land is owned by the show society in question. Some new business initiatives include the development of Multi Facility Economic Zones (MFEZ’s) and other Economic Zones that are likely to follow this blue print of Property ownership alongside Land ownership.

These developments will challenge our banking and financial sectors to redraw their description of tradable and tangible assets to support loan processing and other business development financial services.

Interestingly, our current practice is to consider bare Land which has a Title deed as insufficient collateral in business transactions, while on the other hand, Property developments on land which in the case of a block of Flats has no Title deed, is looked at as sufficient security.

The dialogue on Land and Property deserves more attention such that this important issue is targeted towards the overall social and economic development of Zambians and the 752,000 square kilometres that make up Zambia.

Published 19th May, 2009

Business Barriers

Zambia like many other developing countries is on an ongoing campaign to support and facilitate both local and foreign investment in the country. There are daily pronouncements made by both Government officials and the private sector that call for more investment, and market the country as a stable and good place to do business.

On the ground however, there are increasingly more reasons that will undermine the country’s marketing effort as anti business experiences are shared by businesses within the economy.

A new cost to doing business has recently been introduced in the motor vehicle import sector. A Japanese firm has been contracted to check every used vehicle that is imported into Zambia for a flat mandatory fee of around K750,000 per vehicle. At the current levels of imports of used motor vehicles this revenue stream for this foreign investor is guaranteed to be in the region of K22,500,000,000 per annum because an estimated 30,000 vehicles come through our borders each year.

This is a great business opportunity for the Japanese investor which promotes a potential flight of at least K14 billion or USD3 million to Japan, and adds to the import costs of every used vehicle in the economy. Ultimately, this extra cost of doing business is passed on to the consumer.

In addition, the Road Transport and Safety Authority (RTSA) will continue to demand Fitness requirements for all motorists as part of the quarterly and annual licensing requirements. A duplicated effort is therefore being developed for no good reason.

One cannot understand why the RTSA needs a Japanese firm to check on the fitness of imported vehicles when RTSA has the mechanism and potential to do the work if structured and financed appropriately. What we are seeing instead is another Private Public Partnership (PPP) arrangement that will drain the pockets of the already struggling masses of Zambian vehicle owners.

There appears to be a lack of confidence in using our own human and other resources to do this rather simple operation of certifying the roadworthiness of vehicles, and we opt to outsource this work to companies that will take financial resources out of the country instead of investing it in the domestic economy. We may need to re-examine our motives on this issue.

Several investors that have obtained licenses and permits from the Zambia Development Agency (ZDA) have had running battles with the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA) over customs clearances of trucks, equipment, and machinery that are deemed tax free as per the licenses issued. ZRA demands that duty be paid in contravention of the investment incentives given by the Government. As a result, trucks, equipment, and machinery are marooned at ZRA yards and warehouses at the ports of entry for months until the demanded taxes are paid.

Eventually, any progressive business will pay the bill for fear of running into irrecoverable debt with financial institutions and business customers with who contracts have been signed for the delivery of goods and services.

ZRA wins the battle, and Zambia loses the war as it soon becomes clear that commitments made by ZDA through the investment licenses are not worth the paper that they are written on. Foreign banks and financiers begin to portray Zambia as a rogue state where contracts and agreements are not respected and therefore Zambia becomes a high risk investment destination. The cost of doing business goes up as interest rates go up, and again, the consumer in the end pays the price.

The media recently reported that the ZDA was cancelling licenses previously issued and one can only hope that these licenses will be replaced with new issues or else we may see yet another document that cannot be trusted or used to authenticate the validity of any investor under the ZDA Act.

The problem with inconsistency and reneged commitments is that word gets round in the investor communities whether local or foreign. The private sector begins to distrust the sincerity of the Government and the relevant Statutory Bodies, and the whole Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) which is hinged on a private sector led economy, falls flat on its face.

Anarchy, corruption and side stepping become the order of the day as we have witnessed in some West African economies, and the country starts to record negative economic growth as economic activity begins to fall off the official radar screen as increasingly business is done under the table.

The many efforts of the various Government ministries to curb corruption and promote good business practices are based on the removal of barriers to business and to reduce the costs of doing business.

Clearly the various Government departments have serious problems in co-ordinating and collaborating with each other to the extent that one Ministry removes barriers to business while another introduces some new barriers under the guise of a newly introduced regulation.

The recent barriers to doing business seem to originate from a necessity to generate new revenue streams by Statutory bodies rather than to deliver services to the public that enhance productivity, promote improved quality of goods and services, and facilitate greater wealth creation in the economy.

Posted on 12 May, 2009

Copper Mining in 2009

Copper mining is making the headlines again as it has done in the past when copper prices begin to rise.

For many Zambians, the current copper prices that have risen from a low of USD3,000 per tone and now stand at about USD4,000 per tonne is good news and there is hope that the prices will continue to improve.

All eyes are on China, the world’s largest buyer of copper, to see how the manufacturing economy is doing out there. Any increase in China’s manufacturing sector in areas using electrical and electronic products, will result in more copper being purchased and logically, the price of copper should increase due to the increased demand.

On the home front, ZCCM IH is looking to invest in African Copper (ACU) to the tune of USD22.5 million in a bid to pull ACU out of its present financial crisis and take advantage of a stake in a copper mining operation in view of the rising copper prices.

In Luanshya, there is growing excitement about the prospects of new investors in the mining operation there. Front runners for the Luanshya mines are a Chinese investor and several other un-named options.

As investors are poised to take over mining operations in the country, the Mine Workers Union of Zambia (MUZ) have voiced their concerns about allowing old investors that had previously operated mines in Zambia, and later pulled out due to the low copper prices, to come back now when the going seems to be getting better. This position has also been echoed by the State President Rupiah Banda who was not happy with former investors that abandoned the country and their employees when business got tough, and were now rushing in to pick up where they left off.

In the wings, we note that Lumwana Mining Company has experienced differences with Mopani Copper Mines and Glencore International in respect to the specifications of copper concentrates for processing at the Mufulira Smelter. An alternate arrangement has now been made with the Chambishi Copper Smelter for Lumwana concentrates to be processed, but Zambia is likely to eventually pay the price of building another Smelter plant as a consequence of these differences.

There is a great opportunity for the copper mining industry to collaborate where it makes sense, and to compete in areas of productivity and technologies. The duplication of Smelting plants that have capacity to process concentrates for several mining companies, is not only a waste of money for the mining companies themselves, but a waste of resources for Zambia as a whole.
Copper prices may be on the increase, but the world is increasingly competitive, and efficient, cost effective production will go a long way towards sustainable business. To this end, collaboration and cost sharing in the mining industry will benefit all investors in the long run.

Government and the Zambia Development Agency can also play a significant role in promoting, facilitating, and supporting value addition to copper within the country. The Chambishi economic zone can be targeted as the primary vehicle for developing the value chain in the copper industry. Zambia needs to see more investments such as ZAMEFA on the Copperbelt. Opportunities are there to manufacture copper cables of all sizes and description in the Chambishi economic zone and elsewhere on the Copperbelt. Many other copper based products are possible with guided investment incentives offered by ZDA.

The copper slump will go, and no doubt return after a few years. Zambia must make some decisive choices about how to tackle the rising and falling prices of copper on the world market. We can choose to go with the flow and be subject to the price variations out there, or we can decide that we will consciously invest in the value addition components of the industry, so that the changes in metal prices have as little impact as possible on our own domestic economy.

The impact of value addition in the copper industry has implications far beyond the copper industry. Copper metal fabrication and processing has the effect of creating capacity to add value to other metals such as zinc, aluminium, etc. This metal processing sector can quickly become the basis for many different forms of manufacturing across the country.

This phenomenon is evident as we currently experience the development of a steel industry in Zambia. There are several steel processing plants in operation, and several more being developed by the private sector. The impact is already being felt in the manufacturing sector as new companies are being set up to manufacture steel based products such as door frames, window frames, steel re-enforcement building products, trailers, machinery, and farming implements that were previously imported.

Reports indicate that China is stock piling copper to support its industry which is the backbone of the expected 8.3 percent growth of the economy in 2009. Although the USA, Japan, and Europe are reducing their imports of copper and other metals, China is taking up the overspill and using the opportunity to boost its own economy.

On the home front, European companies are now offering franchises to Zambian companies to procure equipment and machinery for metal processing, in an effort to market their technologies in Zambia. The net effect of these initiatives is that Zambia can become more industrialized, Zambians can gain better skills with new technologies, and Zambia can transform her economy from a primary raw material producer, to a sustainable manufacturer of semi processed and processed metal products.

Published on 5 May, 2009